Cocaine availability and use in the United States have rebounded, with most domestic cocaine data sets – including past year cocaine initiates and cocaine-involved overdose deaths – exceeding 2007 benchmark levels. Additionally, coca cultivation in Colombia, the primary source of supply for cocaine in the United States, is at an all-time high. This presentation will explore the evolution of the Colombian cocaine trade, identifying key factors prompting the most recent shifts, and discuss how the expanding influence of Mexican transnational criminal organizations over wholesale distribution of illicit drugs in U.S. markets and the proliferation of fentanyl into the cocaine supply are exacerbating the re-emerging cocaine threat.